Descend into the fascinating underground cities of Cappadocia, carved up to 85 meters deep into the volcanic rock. Discover the incredible history of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, how they were used, and everything you need to know before your visit.
Among Cappadocia's many wonders, the underground cities are perhaps the most mind-blowing. These vast subterranean complexes, carved by hand into the soft volcanic tuff, housed thousands of people for extended periods and represent one of humanity's most extraordinary engineering achievements.
Derinkuyu Underground City
Derinkuyu is the deepest underground city in Cappadocia, descending 85 meters into the earth across 18 levels. Open to visitors for the first 8 levels, it includes living quarters, stables, churches, schools, wineries, oil presses, and ventilation shafts. At its peak, it could house up to 20,000 people. Massive circular stone doors, weighing up to half a ton each, could be rolled to seal each level from inside.
Kaymakli Underground City
Kaymakli, connected to Derinkuyu by an 8km underground tunnel, is broader and more spread out. Its 4 accessible levels reveal remarkably well-preserved storage rooms, stables, and communal spaces. The city is particularly notable for its sophisticated ventilation system which provided fresh air to all levels.
Who Built the Underground Cities?
Historians believe the cities were initially carved by the Phrygians in the 8th–7th centuries BC, later expanded by early Christians fleeing Roman persecution, and used extensively during Byzantine times as refuge from Arab raids.
Visiting Tips
Wear comfortable clothes you can move freely in. Some passages are quite narrow and low. Arrive early to avoid the main tourist crowds. Photography is allowed throughout both sites.
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Written by
Prof. David Wells
